1. What is Back Pain?

Back pain is one of the most common health problems. It can range from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp pain. Most people experience back pain at some point in their lives, and it often improves on its own with simple treatments. In some cases, however, it may last longer or signal an underlying condition that needs medical attention.

2. Causes of Back Pain

Back pain can result from many different issues, including:

• Muscle or ligament strain – from heavy lifting, sudden movements, or poor posture

• Disc problems – such as herniated or degenerated discs

• Arthritis – wear and tear of the joints in the spine

• Spinal stenosis – narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on nerves

• Injuries – from falls, accidents, or sports

• Other conditions – such as osteoporosis, infections, or (rarely) tumors

3. Symptoms

Back pain symptoms vary, but may include:

• Aching, stiffness, or tightness in the back

• Sharp or shooting pain that may travel down the leg (sciatica)

• Limited range of motion or difficulty standing up straight

• Pain that worsens with bending, lifting, standing, or walking

• In some cases, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs

Seek medical help right away if you experience:

• Loss of bladder or bowel control

• Severe weakness or numbness in the legs

• Sudden, severe back pain after an accident or injury

4. Diagnosis

Your healthcare provider will usually start with:

• Medical history – asking about your symptoms, activities, and health background

• Physical exam – checking posture, movement, strength, reflexes, and nerve function

• Imaging tests (if needed) – such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to look for structural problems

• Other tests – like blood work or bone scans if another condition is suspected

5. Treatments

Most back pain improves within a few weeks with simple care. Treatment options may include:

Self-care and lifestyle:

• Resting for short periods (but avoid long bed rest)

• Gentle stretching and staying active

• Heat or cold packs for pain relief

• Good posture and ergonomics

Medications:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen, ibuprofen)

• Muscle relaxants or prescription medications if needed

Physical therapy:

• Exercises to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility

• Posture and movement training

Other treatments:

• Injections (such as steroid shots) for severe nerve pain

• Surgery (rare, for cases with structural problems or nerve compression not improving with other treatments)

• In some cases, minimally invasive spine surgery may be recommended if back pain is caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or instability. These procedures use smaller incisions, cause less disruption to muscles, and often allow for a faster recovery compared to traditional surgery.