1. What is Degenerative Disc Disease?

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) is a condition where the spinal discs—the cushions between the vertebrae—gradually break down over time. Although the term “disease” is used, it’s often part of the normal aging process. As discs lose water content and flexibility, they may cause pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the back or neck.

2. Causes

DDD develops due to a combination of factors:

• Aging: Natural wear and tear on the discs over time.

• Injury: Past trauma to the spine can accelerate disc degeneration.

• Genetics: Family history may increase susceptibility.

• Repetitive Stress: Occupations or activities that place repeated strain on the spine.

• Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, obesity, and poor posture can contribute to faster disc wear.

3. Symptoms

Symptoms of DDD can vary and may include:

• Persistent back or neck pain, often worsened by sitting, bending, or twisting

• Pain radiating to the arms or legs if nerve compression occurs

• Numbness or tingling in the extremities

• Stiffness and reduced range of motion in the spine

• Episodes of flare-ups that can last days or weeks

4. Diagnosis

A healthcare provider may diagnose DDD through:

• Medical History & Physical Exam: Discussing symptoms and evaluating spinal mobility.

• Imaging Studies: MRI or X-rays to assess disc degeneration and rule out other conditions.

• Nerve Tests: Electromyography (EMG) if nerve involvement is suspected.

5. Treatments

Treatment for Degenerative Disc Disease often begins conservatively and progresses if needed:

Non-Surgical Options:

• Physical therapy to strengthen spinal muscles and improve flexibility

• Pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs

• Lifestyle modifications such as weight management, smoking cessation, and ergonomic adjustments

• Activity modification to avoid movements that aggravate symptoms

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Options:
For patients with persistent pain and nerve compression, minimally invasive spine surgery may be considered. These techniques, including microdiscectomy or endoscopic procedures, allow surgeons to address disc problems with smaller incisions, reduced muscle disruption, and faster recovery compared to traditional open surgery. Such procedures can relieve nerve compression.

Other Surgical Options:

• Spinal fusion in select cases to stabilize affected segments

• Artificial disc replacement for appropriate patients