1. What is a Herniated Disc?

A lumbar herniated disc occurs when one of the cushioning discs between the bones in your lower spine (lumbar vertebrae) is damaged. The disc’s soft inner material may push out through a crack in the tougher outer layer. This can put pressure on nearby nerves, leading to pain, weakness, or numbness in the back or legs. It is sometimes called a “ruptured” disc.

2. Causes

Common causes of lumbar disc herniation include:

• Age-related wear and tear (degenerative disc disease)

• Repetitive strain or heavy lifting with improper body mechanics.

• Sudden injury or trauma to the lower back.

• Genetic factors that can make discs more prone to degeneration.

3. Symptoms

Symptoms can vary depending on the severity and location of the herniation, but may include:

• Low back pain that may worsen with movement.

• Sciatica – sharp, shooting pain radiating down one or both legs.

• Numbness or tingling in the buttocks, legs, or feet.

• Muscle weakness that makes it difficult to lift the foot or move the leg.

• In severe cases, problems with bladder or bowel control (medical emergency).

4. Diagnosis

Diagnosis usually begins with a medical history and physical exam. Your doctor may recommend imaging tests such as:

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): the most accurate way to see a herniated disc and nerve compression.

• CT Scan or X-rays: to rule out other causes of back pain.

• Nerve studies (EMG): to assess nerve function if symptoms are severe.

5. Treatments

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms. Most patients improve without surgery, but advanced options are available when needed.

Non-Surgical Treatments

• Rest and activity modification to avoid movements that worsen pain.

• Medications such as anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants, or nerve pain relievers.

• Physical therapy to strengthen core muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pressure on the spine.

• Epidural steroid injections to reduce inflammation and relieve nerve pain.

Surgical Treatments

If symptoms do not improve with conservative care, surgery may be recommended. Modern techniques focus on preserving normal tissue while relieving nerve compression:

• Microdiscectomy: a minimally invasive spine surgery where only the herniated portion of the disc is removed.

• Endoscopic discectomy: performed through a tiny incision using a camera and specialized instruments.

• Minimally invasive spinal fusion (when necessary): stabilizes the spine in cases of repeated disc reherniation.

These minimally invasive spine surgery approaches are designed to shorten recovery time, reduce postoperative pain, and allow patients to return to normal activities faster compared to traditional open surgery.